References for App Content

The educational content about ADHD and self-help tips on this app are based on published, peer-reviewed research. The specific topics chosen in this app were selected following research conducted in the University College Dublin School of Psychology, in collaboration with the HSE National Clinical Programme and ADHD Ireland. The app itself is also being evaluated to see how useful/helpful it is.

Below you can find the list of research sources that were used to develop the content.

About ADHD

  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5TM, 5th ed (pp. xliv, 947). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
  • Antshel, K. M. (2018). Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Perspectives, 32(2), 243–265. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2016.0144
  • Bae, S.-M., Park, J. E., Lee, Y. J., Cho, I. H., Kim, J.-H., Koh, S.-H., Kim, S. J., & Cho, S.-J. (2010). Gender difference in the association between adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and morningness–eveningness. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 64(6), 649–651. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02140.x
  • Baird, B., Smallwood, J., Mrazek, M. D., Kam, J. W. Y., Franklin, M. S., & Schooler, J. W. (2012). Inspired by Distraction: Mind Wandering Facilitates Creative Incubation. Psychological Science, 23(10), 1117–1122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612446024
  • Biederman, J., Lanier, J., DiSalvo, M., Noyes, E., Fried, R., Woodworth, K. Y., Biederman, I., & Faraone, S. V. (2019). Clinical correlates of mind wandering in adults with ADHD. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 117, 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.06.012
  • Boonstra, M., Oosterlaan, J., Sergeant, J., & Buitelaar, J. (2005). Executive Functioning in Adult ADHD: A Meta-Analytic Review. Psychological Medicine. https://repub.eur.nl/pub/10172/
  • Boot, N., Nevicka, B., & Baas, M. (2017). Subclinical symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with specific creative processes. Personality and Individual Differences, 114, 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.050
  • Brunault, P., Mathieu, S., Faussat, C., Barrault, S., & Varescon, I. (2020). Impulsivity facets and cognitive distortions associated with problem gambling: Differences between ADHD and non-ADHD gamblers. European Review of Applied Psychology, 70(4), 100559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2020.100559
  • Caci, H., Bouchez, J., & Baylé, F. J. (2009). Inattentive Symptoms of ADHD Are Related to Evening Orientation. Journal of Attention Disorders, 13(1), 36–41. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054708320439
  • Chung, W., Jiang, S.-F., Paksarian, D., Nikolaidis, A., Castellanos, F. X., Merikangas, K. R., & Milham, M. P. (2019). Trends in the Prevalence and Incidence of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among Adults and Children of Different Racial and Ethnic Groups. JAMA Network Open, 2(11), e1914344. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.14344
  • Combs, M. A., Canu, W. H., Broman-Fulks, J. J., Rocheleau, C. A., & Nieman, D. C. (2015). Perceived Stress and ADHD Symptoms in Adults. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19(5), 425–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054712459558
  • Doyle, N. (2020). Neurodiversity at work: A biopsychosocial model and the impact on working adults. British Medical Bulletin, 135(1), 108–125. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldaa021
  • Fayyad, J., De Graaf, R., Kessler, R., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Demyttenaere, K., De Girolamo, G., Haro, J. M., Karam, E. G., Lara, C., Lépine, J.-P., Ormel, J., Posada-Villa, J., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Jin, R. (2007). Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 190, 402–409. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.034389
  • Fedele, D. A., Lefler, E. K., Hartung, C. M., & Canu, W. H. (2012). Sex Differences in the Manifestation of ADHD in Emerging Adults. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16(2), 109–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054710374596
  • Fleischmann, A., & Fleischmann, R. H. (2012). Advantages of an ADHD Diagnosis in Adulthood: Evidence From Online Narratives. Qualitative Health Research, 22(11), 1486–1496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732312457468
  • Fredriksen, M., Dahl, A. A., Martinsen, E. W., Klungsoyr, O., Faraone, S. V., & Peleikis, D. E. (2014). Childhood and persistent ADHD symptoms associated with educational failure and long-term occupational disability in adult ADHD. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 6(2), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-014-0126-1
  • Gibbins, C., Weiss, M. D., Goodman, D. W., Hodgkins, P. S., Landgraf, J. M., & Faraone, S. V. (2010). ADHD-hyperactive/impulsive subtype in adults. Mental Illness, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.4081/mi.2010.e9
  • Gregory, A. M., Agnew-Blais, J. C., Matthews, T., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2017). ADHD and Sleep Quality: Longitudinal Analyses From Childhood to Early Adulthood in a Twin Cohort. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46(2), 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1183499
  • Helfer, B., Cooper, R. E., Bozhilova, N., Maltezos, S., Kuntsi, J., & Asherson, P. (2019). The effects of emotional lability, mind wandering and sleep quality on ADHD symptom severity in adults with ADHD. European Psychiatry, 55, 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.09.006
  • Holst, Y., & Thorell, L. B. (2020). Functional impairments among adults with ADHD: A comparison with adults with other psychiatric disorders and links to executive deficits. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 27(3), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2018.1532429
  • Hupfeld, K. E., Abagis, T. R., & Shah, P. (2019). Living “in the zone”: Hyperfocus in adult ADHD. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 11(2), 191–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-018-0272-y
  • Jarrett, M. A. (2016). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and executive functioning in emerging adults. Psychological Assessment, 28(2), 245–250. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000190
  • Lasky, A. K., Weisner, T. S., Jensen, P. S., Hinshaw, S. P., Hechtman, L., Arnold, L. E., W Murray, D., & Swanson, J. M. (2016). ADHD in context: Young adults’ reports of the impact of occupational environment on the manifestation of ADHD. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 161, 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.06.003
  • Li, L., Taylor, M. J., Bälter, K., Kuja‐Halkola, R., Chen, Q., Hegvik, T.-A., Tate, A. E., Chang, Z., Arias‐Vásquez, A., Hartman, C. A., & Larsson, H. (2020). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and dietary habits in adulthood: A large population-based twin study in Sweden. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 183(8), 475–485. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32825
  • Mahajan, N., Hong, N., Wigal, T. L., & Gehricke, J.-G. (2010). Hyperactive-Impulsive Symptoms Associated With Self-Reported Sleep Quality in Nonmedicated Adults With ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 14(2), 132–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054709347170
  • Moffitt, T. E., Houts, R., Asherson, P., Belsky, D. W., Corcoran, D. L., Hammerle, M., Harrington, H., Hogan, S., Meier, M. H., Polanczyk, G. V., Poulton, R., Ramrakha, S., Sugden, K., Williams, B., Rohde, L. A., & Caspi, A. (2015). Is Adult ADHD a Childhood-Onset Neurodevelopmental Disorder? Evidence From a Four-Decade Longitudinal Cohort Study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(10), 967–977. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.14101266
  • Niermann, H. C. M., & Scheres, A. (2014). The relation between procrastination and symptoms of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in undergraduate students. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 23(4), 411–421. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1440
  • Nigg, J. T. (2007). What Causes ADHD? Understanding What Goes Wrong and Why. (Vol. 32). Guilford Publications. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565640701361138
  • Pollak, Y., Dekkers, T. J., Shoham, R., & Huizenga, H. M. (2019). Risk-Taking Behavior in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Review of Potential Underlying Mechanisms and of Interventions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(5), 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1019-y
  • Prevatt, F., Smith, S. M., Diers, S., Marshall, D., Coleman, J., Valler, E., & Miller, N. (2017). ADHD Coaching With College Students: Exploring the Processes Involved in Motivation and Goal Completion. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 31(2), 93–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2016.1240597
  • Reimherr, F. W., Marchant, B. K., Gift, T. E., & Steans, T. A. (2017). ADHD and Anxiety: Clinical Significance and Treatment Implications. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(12), 109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0859-6
  • Salum, G. A., Sonuga-Barke, E., Sergeant, J., Vandekerckhove, J., Gadelha, A., Moriyama, T. S., Graeff-Martins, A. S., Manfro, G. G., Polanczyk, G., & Rohde, L. a. P. (2014). Mechanisms underpinning inattention and hyperactivity: Neurocognitive support for ADHD dimensionality. Psychological Medicine, 44(15), 3189–3201. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714000919
  • Scent, C. L., & Boes, S. R. (2014). Acceptance and Commitment Training: A Brief Intervention to Reduce Procrastination Among College Students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 28(2), 144–156. https://doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2014.883887
  • Scholz, L., Werle, J., Philipsen, A., Schulze, M., Collonges, J., & Gensichen, J. (2020). Effects and feasibility of psychological interventions to reduce inattention symptoms in adults with ADHD: A systematic review. Journal of Mental Health, 0(0), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2020.1818189
  • Schutte, N. S., & del Pozo de Bolger, A. (2020). Greater Mindfulness is Linked to Less Procrastination. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 5(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41042-019-00025-4
  • Suchy, Y. (2009). Executive Functioning: Overview, Assessment, and Research Issues for Non-Neuropsychologists. Annals of Behavioral Medicine : A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 37, 106–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9097-4
  • Thapar, A., Pine, D., Leckman, J. F., Scott, S., Snowling, M. J., & Taylor, E. A. (2017). Rutter’s Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Verheul, I., Rietdijk, W., Block, J., Franken, I., Larsson, H., & Thurik, R. (2016). The association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) symptoms and self-employment. European Journal of Epidemiology, 31(8), 793–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0159-1
  • Vildalen, V. U., Brevik, E. J., Haavik, J., & Lundervold, A. J. (2019). Females With ADHD Report More Severe Symptoms Than Males on the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(9), 959–967. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054716659362
  • Wang, S., Zhou, Y., Yu, S., Ran, L.-W., Liu, X.-P., & Chen, Y.-F. (2017). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy as Treatments for Academic Procrastination: A Randomized Controlled Group Session. Research on Social Work Practice, 27(1), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731515577890
  • White, H. A., & Shah, P. (2011). Creative style and achievement in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(5), 673–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.015
  • Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Martelon, M., Westerberg, D., & Spencer, T. J. (2009). Presenting ADHD Symptoms, Subtypes, and Comorbid Disorders in Clinically Referred Adults with ADHD. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70(11), 1557–1562. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.08m04785pur

 

 

 

Exercise

Abramovitch, A., Goldzweig, G., & Schweiger, A. (2013). Correlates of physical activity with intrusive thoughts, worry and impulsivity in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A cross-sectional pilot study. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 50(1), 47–54.

Gapin, J. I., Labban, J. D., Bohall, S. C., Wooten, J. S., & Chang, Y.-K. (2015). Acute exercise is associated with specific executive functions in college students with ADHD: A preliminary study. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4(1), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2014.11.003

Mehren, A., Özyurt, J., Lam, A. P., Brandes, M., Müller, H. H. O., Thiel, C. M., & Philipsen, A. (2019). Acute Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Executive Function and Attention in Adult Patients With ADHD. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00132

Vysniauske, R., Verburgh, L., Oosterlaan, J., & Molendijk, M. L. (2020). The Effects of Physical Exercise on Functional Outcomes in the Treatment of ADHD: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(5), 644–654. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715627489

 

 

Mindfulness

Bachmann, K., Lam, A. P., Sörös, P., Kanat, M., Hoxhaj, E., Matthies, S., Feige, B., Müller, H., Özyurt, J., Thiel, C. M., & Philipsen, A. (2018). Effects of mindfulness and psychoeducation on working memory in adult ADHD: A randomised, controlled fMRI study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 106, 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2018.05.002

Cairncross, M., & Miller, C. J. (2020). The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Therapies for ADHD: A Meta-Analytic Review. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(5), 627–643. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715625301

Gallant, S. N. (2016). Mindfulness meditation practice and executive functioning: Breaking down the benefit. Consciousness and Cognition, 40, 116–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.01.005

Hepark, S., Janssen, L., de Vries, A., Schoenberg, P. L. A., Donders, R., Kan, C. C., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2019). The Efficacy of Adapted MBCT on Core Symptoms and Executive Functioning in Adults With ADHD: A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(4), 351–362. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715613587

Mitchell, J. T., McIntyre, E. M., English, J. S., Dennis, M. F., Beckham, J. C., & Kollins, S. H. (2017). A Pilot Trial of Mindfulness Meditation Training for ADHD in Adulthood: Impact on Core Symptoms, Executive Functioning, and Emotion Dysregulation. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(13), 1105–1120. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713513328

Modesto-Lowe, V., Farahmand, P., Chaplin, M., & Sarro, L. (2015). Does mindfulness meditation improve attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? World Journal of Psychiatry, 5(4), 397–403. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v5.i4.397

Poissant, H., Moreno, A., Potvin, S., & Mendrek, A. (2020). A Meta-analysis of Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Impact on ADHD Symptoms, Depression, and Executive Functioning. Mindfulness, 11(12), 2669–2681. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01458-8

 

 

Nutrition

 

Abd El Baaki, O. M., Abd El Hamid, E. R., Zaki, S. T., Alwakkad, A. S. E. D., Sabry, R. N., & Elsheikh, E. M. (2021). Diet modification impact on ADHD outcome. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 45(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00466-x

Cagigal, C., Silva, T., Jesus, M., & Silva, C. (2019). Does Diet Affect the Symptoms of ADHD? Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 20(2), 130–136. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389201019666180925140733

Hershko, S., Cortese, S., Ert, E., Aronis, A., Maeir, A., & Pollak, Y. (2020). The influence of attractiveness and convenience cues on food appeal in adults with and without ADHD. Appetite, 150, 104679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.104679

Li, L., Taylor, M. J., Bälter, K., Kuja‐Halkola, R., Chen, Q., Hegvik, T.-A., Tate, A. E., Chang, Z., Arias‐Vásquez, A., Hartman, C. A., & Larsson, H. (2020). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and dietary habits in adulthood: A large population-based twin study in Sweden. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 183(8), 475–485. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32825

Mohammadpour, N., Jazayeri, S., Tehrani-Doost, M., Djalali, M., Hosseini, M., Effatpanah, M., Davari-Ashtiani, R., & Karami, E. (2018). Effect of vitamin D supplementation as adjunctive therapy to methylphenidate on ADHD symptoms: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutritional Neuroscience, 21(3), 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2016.1262097

Wang, L.-J., Yu, Y.-H., Fu, M.-L., Yeh, W.-T., Hsu, J.-L., Yang, Y.-H., Yang, H.-T., Huang, S.-Y., Wei, I.-L., Chen, W. J., Chiang, B.-L., & Pan, W.-H. (2019). Dietary Profiles, Nutritional Biochemistry Status, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Path Analysis for a Case-Control Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(5), 709. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050709

Weissenberger, S., Ptacek, R., Vnukova, M., Raboch, J., Klicperova-Baker, M., Domkarova, L., & Goetz, M. (2018). ADHD and lifestyle habits in Czech adults, a national sample. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 14, 293–299. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S148921


Self-care

  • Abd El Baaki, O. M., Abd El Hamid, E. R., Zaki, S. T., Alwakkad, A. S. E. D., Sabry, R. N., & Elsheikh, E. M. (2021). Diet modification impact on ADHD outcome. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 45(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00466-x
  • Al-Yagon, M., Lachmi, M., & Shalev, L. (2020). Coping strategies among adults with ADHD: The mediational role of attachment relationship patterns. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 102, 103657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103657
  • Bitter, I., Simon, V., Bálint, S., Mészáros, Á., & Czobor, P. (2010). How do different diagnostic criteria, age and gender affect the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults? An epidemiological study in a Hungarian community sample. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 260(4), 287–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-009-0076-3
  • Bussing, R., Mason, D., Garvan, C. W., Gurnani, T., Koro-Ljungberg, M., Noguchi, K., & Albarracin, D. (2016). Willingness to use ADHD Self-Management: Mixed Methods Study of Perceptions by Adolescents and Parents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(2), 562–573. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0241-4
  • Cagigal, C., Silva, T., Jesus, M., & Silva, C. (2019). Does Diet Affect the Symptoms of ADHD? Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 20(2), 130–136. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389201019666180925140733
  • Canela, C., Buadze, A., Dube, A., Eich, D., & Liebrenz, M. (2017). Skills and compensation strategies in adult ADHD – A qualitative study. PLOS ONE, 12(9), e0184964. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0184964
  • Gutman, S. A., & Szczepanski, M. (2005). Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 21(2), 13–38. https://doi.org/10.1300/J004v21n02_02
  • Hensley, L. C., & Munn, K. J. (2020). The power of writing about procrastination: Journaling as a tool for change. Journal of Further and Higher Education, 44(10), 1450–1465. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309877X.2019.1702154
  • Hershko, S., Cortese, S., Ert, E., Aronis, A., Maeir, A., & Pollak, Y. (2020). The influence of attractiveness and convenience cues on food appeal in adults with and without ADHD. Appetite, 150, 104679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.104679
  • Holahan, C. J., Ragan, J. D., & Moos, R. H. (2017). Stress☆. In Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809324-5.05724-2
  • Li, L., Taylor, M. J., Bälter, K., Kuja‐Halkola, R., Chen, Q., Hegvik, T.-A., Tate, A. E., Chang, Z., Arias‐Vásquez, A., Hartman, C. A., & Larsson, H. (2020). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and dietary habits in adulthood: A large population-based twin study in Sweden. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, 183(8), 475–485. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.32825
  • Mohammadpour, N., Jazayeri, S., Tehrani-Doost, M., Djalali, M., Hosseini, M., Effatpanah, M., Davari-Ashtiani, R., & Karami, E. (2018). Effect of vitamin D supplementation as adjunctive therapy to methylphenidate on ADHD symptoms: A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutritional Neuroscience, 21(3), 202–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/1028415X.2016.1262097
  • Wang, L.-J., Yu, Y.-H., Fu, M.-L., Yeh, W.-T., Hsu, J.-L., Yang, Y.-H., Yang, H.-T., Huang, S.-Y., Wei, I.-L., Chen, W. J., Chiang, B.-L., & Pan, W.-H. (2019). Dietary Profiles, Nutritional Biochemistry Status, and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Path Analysis for a Case-Control Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(5), 709. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8050709
  • Weissenberger, S., Ptacek, R., Vnukova, M., Raboch, J., Klicperova-Baker, M., Domkarova, L., & Goetz, M. (2018). ADHD and lifestyle habits in Czech adults, a national sample. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 14, 293–299. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S148921

Mental Health

  • Al-Yagon, M., Lachmi, M., & Shalev, L. (2020). Coping strategies among adults with ADHD: The mediational role of attachment relationship patterns. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 102, 103657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103657
  • Beheshti, A., Chavanon, M.-L., & Christiansen, H. (2020). Emotion dysregulation in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 120. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-2442-7
  • Brunault, P., Mathieu, S., Faussat, C., Barrault, S., & Varescon, I. (2020). Impulsivity facets and cognitive distortions associated with problem gambling: Differences between ADHD and non-ADHD gamblers. European Review of Applied Psychology, 70(4), 100559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erap.2020.100559
  • Capusan, A. J., Bendtsen, P., Marteinsdottir, I., & Larsson, H. (2019). Comorbidity of Adult ADHD and Its Subtypes With Substance Use Disorder in a Large Population-Based Epidemiological Study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(12), 1416–1426. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054715626511
  • Combs, M. A., Canu, W. H., Broman-Fulks, J. J., Rocheleau, C. A., & Nieman, D. C. (2015). Perceived Stress and ADHD Symptoms in Adults. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19(5), 425–434. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054712459558
  • Corbisiero, S., Stieglitz, R.-D., Retz, W., & Rösler, M. (2013). Is emotional dysregulation part of the psychopathology of ADHD in adults? ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 5(2), 83–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-012-0097-z
  • D’Agati, E., Curatolo, P., & Mazzone, L. (2019). Comorbidity between ADHD and anxiety disorders across the lifespan. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 23(4), 238–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/13651501.2019.1628277
  • Fatséas, M., Hurmic, H., Serre, F., Debrabant, R., Daulouède, J.-P., Denis, C., & Auriacombe, M. (2016). Addiction severity pattern associated with adult and childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in patients with addictions. Psychiatry Research, 246, 656–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.071
  • Gregory, A. M., Agnew-Blais, J. C., Matthews, T., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2017). ADHD and Sleep Quality: Longitudinal Analyses From Childhood to Early Adulthood in a Twin Cohort. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 46(2), 284–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2016.1183499
  • Grogan, K., & Bramham, J. (2015). Demographic, developmental and psychosocial predictors of the development of anxiety in adults with ADHD. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-015-0183-0
  • Helfer, B., Cooper, R. E., Bozhilova, N., Maltezos, S., Kuntsi, J., & Asherson, P. (2019). The effects of emotional lability, mind wandering and sleep quality on ADHD symptom severity in adults with ADHD. European Psychiatry, 55, 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.09.006
  • Holst, Y., & Thorell, L. B. (2020). Functional impairments among adults with ADHD: A comparison with adults with other psychiatric disorders and links to executive deficits. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 27(3), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2018.1532429
  • Holthe, M. E. G., & Langvik, E. (2017). The Strives, Struggles, and Successes of Women Diagnosed With ADHD as Adults. SAGE Open, 7(1), 2158244017701799. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017701799
  • Koyuncu, A., Ertekin, E., Yüksel, Ç., Aslantaş Ertekin, B., Çelebi, F., Binbay, Z., & Tükel, R. (2015). Predominantly Inattentive Type of ADHD Is Associated With Social Anxiety Disorder. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19(10), 856–864. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714533193
  • Mahajan, N., Hong, N., Wigal, T. L., & Gehricke, J.-G. (2010). Hyperactive-Impulsive Symptoms Associated With Self-Reported Sleep Quality in Nonmedicated Adults With ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 14(2), 132–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054709347170
  • Martínez-Luna, N., Daigre, C., Palma-Álvarez, F., Perea-Ortueta, M., Grau-López, L., Roncero, C., Castell-Panisello, E., & Ramos-Quiroga, J. A. (2019). Psychiatric Comorbidity and Addiction Severity Differences in Patients With ADHD Seeking Treatment for Cannabis or Cocaine Use Disorders. Journal of Attention Disorders, 1087054719875787. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054719875787
  • Masuch, T. V., Bea, M., Alm, B., Deibler, P., & Sobanski, E. (2019). Internalized stigma, anticipated discrimination and perceived public stigma in adults with ADHD. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 11(2), 211–220. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-018-0274-9
  • Newark, P. E., Elsässer, M., & Stieglitz, R.-D. (2016). Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, and Resources in Adults With ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 20(3), 279–290. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054712459561
  • Piñeiro-Dieguez, B., Balanzá-Martínez, V., García-García, P., & Soler-López, B. (2016). Psychiatric Comorbidity at the Time of Diagnosis in Adults With ADHD: The CAT Study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 20(12), 1066–1075. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713518240
  • Pollak, Y., Dekkers, T. J., Shoham, R., & Huizenga, H. M. (2019). Risk-Taking Behavior in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Review of Potential Underlying Mechanisms and of Interventions. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(5), 33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1019-y
  • Posner, J., Kass, E., & Hulvershorn, L. (2014). Using Stimulants to Treat ADHD-Related Emotional Lability. Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(10), 478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0478-4
  • Reimherr, F. W., Marchant, B. K., Gift, T. E., & Steans, T. A. (2017). ADHD and Anxiety: Clinical Significance and Treatment Implications. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(12), 109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0859-6
  • Shaw-Zirt, B., Popali-Lehane, L., Chaplin, W., & Bergman, A. (2005). Adjustment, Social Skills, and Self-Esteem in College Students With Symptoms of ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 8(3), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054705277775
  • Skirrow, C., & Asherson, P. (2013). Emotional lability, comorbidity and impairment in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147(1), 80–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.011
  • Skirrow, C., Ebner-Priemer, U., Reinhard, I., Malliaris, Y., Kuntsi, J., & Asherson, P. (2014). Everyday emotional experience of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Evidence for reactive and endogenous emotional lability. Psychological Medicine, 44(16), 3571–3583. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291714001032
  • Sobanski, E., Brüggemann, D., Alm, B., Kern, S., Deschner, M., Schubert, T., Philipsen, A., & Rietschel, M. (2007). Psychiatric comorbidity and functional impairment in a clinically referred sample of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 257(7), 371–377. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-007-0712-8
  • Solberg, B. S., Halmøy, A., Engeland, A., Igland, J., Haavik, J., & Klungsøyr, K. (2018). Gender differences in psychiatric comorbidity: A population-based study of 40 000 adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 137(3), 176–186. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12845
  • Surman, C. B. H., Biederman, J., Spencer, T., Miller, C. A., McDermott, K. M., & Faraone, S. V. (2013). Understanding deficient emotional self-regulation in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A controlled study. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 5(3), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-012-0100-8
  • Wilens, T. E., & Upadhyaya, H. P. (2007). Impact of Substance Use Disorder on ADHD and Its Treatment. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68(8), 20–20.

Relationships

  • Aduen, P. A., Day, T. N., Kofler, M. J., Harmon, S. L., Wells, E. L., & Sarver, D. E. (2018). Social Problems in ADHD: Is it a Skills Acquisition or Performance Problem? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40(3), 440–451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-018-9649-7
  • Ben-Naim, S., Marom, I., Krashin, M., Gifter, B., & Arad, K. (2017). Life With a Partner with ADHD: The Moderating Role of Intimacy. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(5), 1365–1373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0653-9
  • Eakin, L., Minde, K., Hechtman, L., Ochs, E., Krane, E., Bouffard, R., Greenfield, B., & Looper, K. (2004). The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses. Journal of Attention Disorders, 8(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/108705470400800101
  • Hirvikoski, T., Lindström, T., Carlsson, J., Waaler, E., Jokinen, J., & Bölte, S. (2017). Psychoeducational groups for adults with ADHD and their significant others (PEGASUS): A pragmatic multicenter and randomized controlled trial. European Psychiatry, 44, 141–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.04.005
  • Johnston, C., Mash, E. J., Miller, N., & Ninowski, J. E. (2012). Parenting in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Clinical Psychology Review, 32(4), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.01.007
  • Kathju, A. (2021). ADHD and Its Impact on Interpersonal Relationships (pp. 179–195). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5495-1.ch011
  • Koyuncu, A., Ertekin, E., Yüksel, Ç., Aslantaş Ertekin, B., Çelebi, F., Binbay, Z., & Tükel, R. (2015). Predominantly Inattentive Type of ADHD Is Associated With Social Anxiety Disorder. Journal of Attention Disorders, 19(10), 856–864. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714533193
  • Mikami, A. Y., Smit, S., & Khalis, A. (2017). Social Skills Training and ADHD—What Works? Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(12), 93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0850-2
  • Mokrova, I., O’Brien, M., Calkins, S., & Keane, S. (2010). Parental ADHD Symptomology and Ineffective Parenting: The Connecting Link of Home Chaos. Parenting, 10(2), 119–135. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295190903212844
  • Mörtberg, E., Tilfors, K., & Bejerot, S. (2012). Screening for ADHD in an Adult Social Phobia Sample. Journal of Attention Disorders, 16(8), 645–649. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054711423623
  • Park, J. L., Hudec, K. L., & Johnston, C. (2017). Parental ADHD symptoms and parenting behaviors: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 56, 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.05.003
  • Robbins, C. A. (2005). ADHD couple and family relationships: Enhancing communication and understanding through Imago Relationship Therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(5), 565–577. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20120
  • Safren, S. A., Sprich, S. E., Cooper-Vince, C., Knouse, L. E., & Lerner, J. A. (2010). Life Impairments in Adults With Medication-Treated ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 13(5), 524–531. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054709332460
  • Shaw-Zirt, B., Popali-Lehane, L., Chaplin, W., & Bergman, A. (2005). Adjustment, Social Skills, and Self-Esteem in College Students With Symptoms of ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 8(3), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054705277775
  • Surman, C. B. H., Biederman, J., Spencer, T., Miller, C. A., McDermott, K. M., & Faraone, S. V. (2013). Understanding deficient emotional self-regulation in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A controlled study. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 5(3), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-012-0100-8

Work and Education

  • Antshel, K. M. (2018). Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Perspectives, 32(2), 243–265. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2016.0144
  • Doyle, N. (2020). Neurodiversity at work: A biopsychosocial model and the impact on working adults. British Medical Bulletin, 135(1), 108–125. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldaa021
  • Goffer, A., Cohen, M., & Maeir, A. (2020). Occupational experiences of college students with ADHD: A qualitative study. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 0(0), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/11038128.2020.1856182
  • Holthe, M. E. G., & Langvik, E. (2017). The Strives, Struggles, and Successes of Women Diagnosed With ADHD as Adults. SAGE Open, 7(1), 2158244017701799. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244017701799
  • Lasky, A. K., Weisner, T. S., Jensen, P. S., Hinshaw, S. P., Hechtman, L., Arnold, L. E., W Murray, D., & Swanson, J. M. (2016). ADHD in context: Young adults’ reports of the impact of occupational environment on the manifestation of ADHD. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 161, 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.06.003
  • Lyhne, C. N., Pedersen, P., Nielsen, C. V., & Bjerrum, M. B. (2020). Needs for occupational assistance among young adults with ADHD to deal with executive impairments and promote occupational participation – a qualitative study. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 0(0), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039488.2020.1862911
  • Mitchell, J. T., Sibley, M. H., Hinshaw, S. P., Kennedy, T. M., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Arnold, L. E., Swanson, J. M., Hechtman, L. T., Molina, B. S. G., Caye, A., Tamm, L., Owens, E. B., Roy, A., Weisner, T. S., Murray, D. W., & Jensen, P. S. (2021). A Qualitative Analysis of Contextual Factors Relevant to Suspected Late-Onset ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(5), 724–735. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054719837743
  • Verheul, I., Rietdijk, W., Block, J., Franken, I., Larsson, H., & Thurik, R. (2016). The association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) symptoms and self-employment. European Journal of Epidemiology, 31(8), 793–801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0159-1
  • White, H. A., & Shah, P. (2011). Creative style and achievement in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(5), 673–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.12.015 ​

Finances

  • Altszuler, A. R., Page, T. F., Gnagy, E. M., Coxe, S., Arrieta, A., Molina, B. S. G., & Pelham, W. E. (2016). Financial Dependence of Young Adults with Childhood ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(6), 1217–1229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0093-9
  • Bangma, D. F., Tucha, L., Fuermaier, A. B. M., Tucha, O., & Koerts, J. (2020). Financial decision-making in a community sample of adults with and without current symptoms of ADHD. PLoS ONE, 15(10), e0239343. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239343
  • Brod, M., Pohlman, B., Lasser, R., & Hodgkins, P. (2012). Comparison of the burden of illness for adults with ADHD across seven countries: A qualitative study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 10(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-10-47
  • Pelham III, W. E., Page, T. F., Altszuler, A. R., Gnagy, E. M., Molina, B. S. G., & Pelham Jr., W. E. (2020). The long-term financial outcome of children diagnosed with ADHD. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88(2), 160–171. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000461